dos.2 Issues with present data
As dowry try legally banned from inside the India and Bangladesh, anybody constantly think twice to reveal particular dowry number. The high quality question toward Altay brides are real dowry regarding Indian dataset asks regarding community-founded dowry. Particularly, the Asia People Creativity Questionnaire requires “Generally in your community having a family group eg your, which are the form of points that are offered due to the fact gift ideas in the course of the daughter’s wedding?” A residential area-established dowry is not the identical to a single dowry, that is paid off by the bride’s moms and dads during relationships. Instead, the question regarding dowry allows merely a binary address, i.age., regardless of if a positive level of dowry was repaid (elizabeth.grams., Questionnaire on Updates of females and you may Fertility in both India and you will Pakistan). A digital answer, without a doubt, doesn’t promote much more info. Typical out of whether or not a positive dowry number exists matches so you can, and that’s mostly informed me from the, ethnic, religious, and you will caste experiences from inside the Southern area China.
Due to the fact dowry is not legally blocked within the Pakistan, the quantity really reduced because of the women respondent’s mothers should be questioned in the place of reservation into the a good Pakistani dataset such as the Pakistan Rural Home Questionnaire. In the event Pakistani interviewees may not purposefully conceal genuine information about dowry methods, the fresh survey will get nonetheless contain keep in mind mistakes because the participants need to remember the new dowry number paid down of the the moms and dads previously. Shape 1a plots of land new predict level of actual dowry opinions counted when you look at the Pakistani Rupees from inside the 2004 onto relationships 12 months having fun with investigation of the fresh new Pakistan Outlying Home Questionnaire. Given that opinion is that real dowry amounts are expanding, or at least showcase a non-decreasing pattern, new profile indicates the general tendency regarding keep in mind problems. This basically means, brand new expanded new gap between the interviewees’ relationships while the recall big date, the much more likely he is to overestimate the brand new dowry count.
Relationship anywhere between ladies ounts. The range shows the latest forecast actual quantity of dowry regressed for the women’s marriage 12 months. This new shaded area suggests 95% depend on period of your own predict number of dowry. The knowledge sourced elements of (a) and (b) try Pakistan Rural Family Survey 2004, additionally the outlying home questionnaire conducted by copywriter when you look at the 2013, correspondingly
step three Investigation
Towards the good our very own degree, data built-up in this research are definitely the basic to take on clearly a broad tendency to overestimate an amount paid back very long ago. Just as the qualities from in past times obtained investigation, ours also are retrospective; yet not, predicated on it inclination, i instance used specific operate to attenuate survey recall problems. Such as for instance, we asked for the level of one another community-created dowry (non-retrospective) and personal dowry amount reduced at the time of the newest respondent’s relationships (retrospective). Just like the Pakistani dowry includes silver/jewelry, clothes, seats, kitchenware, and stuff like that, i queried dowry number of the product. When we felt an excellent respondent’s overestimation of one’s dowry number, particularly in the truth off a marriage you to definitely taken place a long-time ago, because dowry is actually presented, we are able to and you can did check such wide variety which have individuals who attended the fresh new ceremony. Consequently, the study into predict real quantities of dowry (Fig. 1b) don’t inform you people decreasing trend, on the other hand with the individuals stated within the Fig. 1a.
step 3.step 1 Questionnaire
When conducting our survey between , we intended to capture the heterogeneous aspects of the Punjab province in Pakistan. We divided Punjab (36 districts) into five regions: Pothohar (or North), Central, East, West, and South Punjab. Climate, culture (including marriage/inheritance practices), and socioeconomic conditions differ across regions but are similar within each region. We randomly selected one district from each region, namely, Rawalpindi, Mandi Bahauddin, Narowal, Muzaffargarh, and Bahawalnagar (Fig. 2). We used the district census for 1998–1999, the latest census available in Pakistan as of 2013, to randomly select six villages in rural areas in each of the five districts. We restricted sampling villages to those with a population of at least 1000 at the time of the census. In each village, we selected 22 households, following a stratified random sampling methodology. First, with assistance from the village chief, we made a list of households in the village and categorized them into a stratum. The strata are kammees Footnote 10 (i.e., traditional service or lower caste, with annual income ? PKR 200,000, > PKR 200,000) and zamindars (i.e., landowning farmers with land < 5,>12.5 acres). Eligible households in our survey are defined as those with an economically active husband and wife aged 15–65. Second, we performed stratified random sampling so that the share of each stratum in our sample corresponds to the share of each stratum of the village population (= households).